Jóvenes inmigrantes en la ciudad de São Paulo: acciones político-culturales, vida cotidiana y resistencias / Jovens imigrantes na cidade de São Paulo: ações político-culturais, vida cotidiana, resistências / Immigrant youths in São Paulo City: political-cultural actions, everyday life, resistances

Resumo (analítico) Este artículo es derivado de una investigación más amplia enfocada en cuatro colectivos de jóvenes inmigrantes en la ciudad de São Paulo y sus acciones político-culturales en la metrópoli. Basado en metodologías cualitativas, la investigación se construyó bajo el supuesto de entender las dimensiones históricas, políticas, antropológicas y comunicacionales que cruzan sus vidas. Los resultados contribuyen para la identificación de prácticas elaboradas y tejidas en la cotidianidad de sus productores y sus luchas por existencia, resistencia y re-existencia: a) las formas en las cuales ellos transforman, a través de acciones político-culturales, territorios, espacios y lugares cotidianos, desplazando prejuicios; b) los nexos entre pertenencia, inclusión, integración y relaciones interculturales y trans-fronterizas; c) la contribución de los colectivos en el enfrentamiento de exclusiones y desigualdades en sus vidas cotidianas.

Resumen (analítico) O artigo é decorrente de uma investigação mais ampla, focada em quatro coletivos juvenis de imigrantes na cidade de São Paulo e suas ações político-culturais na cena metropolitana. Baseada em metodologia qualitativa, a pesquisa foi construída sob o pressuposto da compreensão de dimensões históricas, políticas, antropológicas e comunicacionais que atravessam as vidas imigrantes. Os resultados do estudo contribuem para o mapeamento das práticas tecidas nas vidas cotidianas de seus produtores e suas lutas por existências, re-sistências e re-existências: a) as formas pelas quais jovens imigrantes de coletivos urbanos transformam, por meio de ações político-culturais, territórios, espaços e lugares cotidianos, deslocando preconceitos; b) os nexos entre pertença, inclusão, integração e relações interculturais e transfronteiriças; c) a contribuição dos coletivos no enfrentamento das exclusões e desigualdades em suas vidas cotidianas.

Abstract (analytical) This article results from a broader investigation focused on four immigrant youth collectives in São Paulo city, and their political-cultural actions in metropolitan scenarios. Using qualitative methodologies, the research was focused on understanding historical, political, anthropological and communication dimensions that take part in their lives. The results contribute to the mapping of these actions, and also addresses their struggles for belonging, inclusion and integration as ways of existing, resisting and re-existing, such as: a) the ways in which immigrant young people from urban groups trans-form everyday territories, spaces and places; b) the links between belonging, inclusion, integration, interculturality and cross-border relationships, marked by their experiences between two contexts; c) the contribution of collectives to facing exclusions and inequalities in their daily lives.

A questão do estrangeiro na contemporaneidade: uma leitura a partir de Zygmunt Bauman / The foreigners question in contemporaneity: a reading from Zygmunt Bauman / La cuestión del extranjero en la contemporaneidad: una lectura a partir de Zygmunt Bauman

Vive-se um momento global em que pessoas estão sendo forçadas a sair de seus países, preponderantemente por considerarem que estes não oferecerem condições de vida e proteção, dirigindo-se para outras localidades em busca de refúgio. A partir destes movimentos internacionais levantam-se a necessidade de construir modos de convivência. O presente trabalho pretende analisar a problemática do contexto atual de migrações internacionais e a questão do estrangeiro a partir da obra do sociólogo polonês Zygmunt Bauman. Nesta análise, é realizada uma discussão acerca da questão do estrangeiro amparada ao conceito de identidade. Considerando a alteridade como uma dimensão que se faz presente na relação com o outro, por fim entendemos a necessidade de desenvolver um olhar que inclua o reconhecimento do outro em sua singularidade. Ao mesmo tempo, compreendemos a importância de desenvolver uma nova política vinculada à construção de espaços físicos e simbólicos que viabilizem a vivência na diferença. (AU)

We live in a global moment when people are being forced to leave their countries, mainly because they consider that they do not offer living conditions and protection, going to other places in search of refuge. From these international movements it is possible to observe the need to construct ways of coexistence. The present work intends to analyze the problematic of the current context of international migrations and the issue of the foreigner from the ideas of polish sociologist Zygmunt Bauman. For this analysis the issue of the foreigner supported by the concept of identity. Considering the otherness that is present in the relationship with the other, finally we understand the importance of the recognition of the other in its singularity. At the same time, we understand the need to develop a new policy linked to construction of physical and symbolic spaces that make possible the experience of difference. (AU)

Se vive un momento global en que las personas están siendo forzadas a salir de sus países, principalmente por considerar que éstos no ofrecen condiciones de vida y protección, dirigiéndose a otras localidades en busca de refugio. A partir de estos movimientos internacionales se plantea la necesidad de construir modos de convivencia. El presente trabajo pretende analizar la problemática del contexto actual de las migraciones internacionales y la cuestión del extranjero a partir de la obra del sociólogo polaco Zygmunt Bauman. Para este análisis se plantea la cuestión del extranjero amparado al concepto de identidad. Considerando la alteridad que se hace presente en la relación con el otro, por fin entendemos la necesidad del reconocimiento del otro en su singularidad. Al mismo tiempo, se entiende que es necesario desarrollar una política vinculada a la construcción de espacios físicos y simbólicos que viabilizen la vivencia en la diferencia. (AU)

La fotointervención como instrumento de reflexión sobre la violencia de género e inmigración / The photo intervention as an instrument of reflection of gender violence and immigration / A fotointervenção como instrumento de reflexão sobre a violência de gênero e imigração

Este artículo trata de la técnica de fotointervención como herramienta de análisis. Se presentan la definición y los procedimientos de este instrumento y se describen los resultados de una experiencia de aplicación con una mujer inmigrante. El objetivo de la experiencia fue facilitar a la mujer inmigrante la reflexión sobre su experiencia migratoria y su situación de violencia de género en la pareja a partir de las siguientes cuestiones: qué significa ser mujer inmigrante, qué significa la violencia, y qué significa salir de la violencia. Los hallazgos de este ejercicio señalaron que la utilización de la fotointervención como instrumento de reflexión facilitó a la participante la construcción de significados sobre su historia como mujer inmigrante que ha padecido violencia de género en la pareja. La oportunidad de rescatar su historia, a través de las fotos y del relato que realiza facilita que ella reconozca sus estrategias de afrontamiento ante las condiciones de adversidad a las que ha sido expuesta. Ello permite el verse no como víctima, sino como resistente y resiliente ante situaciones de dominio y opresión.

This article describes technique of photo intervention as a tool for analysis. It presents the definition and the procedures of this instrument and it describes the application of this instrument with one immigrant woman. From questions about the meaning of being immigrant women, the significance of violence and getting out of violence, the main objective was to promote reflection about migratory experience and gender violence in couples. The results of the experience showed that the use of photo intervention is an instrument of reflection and enabled the participant to build meanings concerning to their history as an immigrant woman that suffered gender violence in couples. We can come to the conclusion that the opportunity to rescue her history through the pictures and her report helps her to see her coping strategies toward the adversities conditions. It allows to see her not as victims, but as resilient to oppression and dominion situations.

Este artigo aborda a técnica da fotointervenção como ferramenta de análise. A definição e os procedimentos deste instrumento são apresentados e posteriormente os resultados da experiência de aplicação desta técnica com uma mulher imigrante. O objetivo da experiência foi facilitar que ela refletisse sobre a sua experiência migratória e a sua situação de violência de gênero no relacionamento com seu parceiro a partir das seguintes questões: o que significa ser mulher imigrante, o que significa a violência, e o que significa sair da relação abusiva. Os resultados indicam que o uso da fotointervenção como instrumento de reflexão facilitou com que a participante construisse significados sobre a sua história como mulher imigrante que sofreu violência de gênero no relacionamento íntimo. A oportunidade de resgatar a sua história, através das fotos e do seu relato, facilita com que ela perceba suas estratégias de enfrentamento diante de condições de adversidade, as quais foi exposta. Isso favorece que ela se reconheça não como vítima, mas como resistente e resiliente a situações de domínio e opressão.

Inmigración y salud mental infanto-juvenil: análisis de los artículos publicados en revistas nacionales de psicología durante el periodo 2003-2013 / Immigration and infant-juvenile mental health: an analysis of articles published in national psychology journals during the 2003-2013

El presente artículo tiene por objetivo describir el estado actual de las publicaciones en revistas de Psicología a nivel nacional respecto del tema migratorio, particularmente de la salud mental en población infanto-juvenil inmigrante. Para ello se revisaron 1.094 artículos publicados en seis revistas de Psicología en Chile durante el periodo 2003-2013. Se encontraron 26 artículos referidos a temas migratorios, los que posteriormente fueron clasificados según: tipo de investigación, proyecto asociado, apoyo institucional, nivel de análisis, población objetivo, y contexto del estudio. Los resultados indican una baja tasa de publicación en temas migratorios, y la inexistencia de artículos sobre inmigración y salud mental infanto-juvenil. Finalmente, se enfatiza en la necesidad de publicaciones en Psicología que aborden la temática, contemplando dimensiones socioculturales en sus análisis...

This paper aims to describe the current state of the national publications in journals of Psychology respect to the subject of immigration, particularly mental health in infant-juvenile immigrant population. In order to do so, 1.094 articles published in six journals of Psychology in Chile during the period 2003-2013 were reviewed. Twenty-six articles on immigration were found, which were subsequently classified by: type of research, associated project, institutional support, level of analysis, targeted population, and context of study. The results indicate a low rate of publication on the subject of immigration issues, and the lack of articles on immigration and infant-juvenile mental health. Finally, it is emphasized the need for publications in Psychology to address immigration, considering socio-cultural dimensions in their analysis...

Evaluation and revision of questionnaires for use among low-literacy immigrant Latinos / Avaliação e revisão de questionários para uso entre imigrantes latinos com baixos níveis de alfabetização / Evaluación y revisión de cuestionarios para uso en inmigrantes Latinos con bajo grado de alfabetización

As more Spanish speaking immigrants participate in and become the focus of research studies, questions arise about the appropriateness of existing research tools. Questionnaires have often been adapted from English language instruments and tested among college-educated Hispanic-Americans. Little has been written regarding the testing and evaluation of research tools among less educated Latino immigrants. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and revise a battery of Spanish-language questionnaires for an intervention among immigrant Hispanic women. A three-step process was used to evaluate, adapt and test Spanish versions of the Self-Efficacy and Exercise Habits Survey, an abbreviated version of the Hispanic Stress Inventory-Immigrant version and the Latina Values Scale. The revised tools demonstrated acceptable validity and reliability. The adaptations improved the readability of the tools, resulting in a higher response rate, less missing data and fewer extreme responses. Psychometric limitations to the adaptation of Likert scales are discussed.

À medida que número maior de imigrantes de língua espanhola participa de pesquisas, surgem questões relacionadas à adequação de instrumentos já existentes. Questionários, em versões inglesas, são frequentemente adaptados e testados com americanos de origem hispânica com nível superior. Pouco tem sido escrito sobre testes e avaliação desses instrumentos de pesquisa entre imigrantes com níveis mais baixos de escolaridade. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar e revisar uma bateria de questionários para intervenção com mulheres imigrantes hispânicas. Utilizou-se um processo de três etapas para avaliar, adaptar e testar as versões espanholas dos instrumentos Self-Efficacy and Exercise Habits Survey, versão abreviada para imigrantes do Hispanic Stress Inventory e o Latina Values Scale. Os instrumentos revisados demonstraram validade e confiabilidade aceitáveis. As adaptações melhoraram a compreensão dos instrumentos, aumentando a taxa de respostas e reduzindo dados omissos e respostas extremas. Limitações psicométricas da adaptação de escalas do tipo Likert também são abordadas.

En la medida en que un número mayor de inmigrantes de lengua española participa de investigaciones, surgen cuestiones relacionadas a la adecuación de instrumentos ya existentes. Cuestionarios, en versiones inglesas, son frecuentemente adaptados y comprobados con americanos de origen hispana con nivel superior. Poco ha sido escrito sobre pruebas y evaluación de esos instrumentos de investigación entre inmigrantes con grados más bajos de escolaridad. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar y revisar una batería de cuestionarios para intervención con mujeres inmigrantes hispanas. Se utilizó un proceso de tres etapas para evaluar, adaptar y comprobar las versiones españolas de los instrumentos Self-Efficacy and Exercise Habits Survey, versión abreviada para inmigrantes del Hispanic Stress Inventory y Latina Values Scale. Los instrumentos revisados demostraron validad y confiabilidad aceptables. Las adaptaciones mejoraron la comprensión de los instrumentos, aumentando la tasa de respuestas y reduciendo datos omisos y respuestas extremas. Las limitaciones psicométricas de la adaptación de escalas del tipo Likert también son abordadas.

Estudio de la relación entre consumo de drogas y migración a la frontera norte de México y Estados Unidos

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Abstract: Since the beginning of the XX Century, migration has played an important role in the relations between Mexico and the United States. The main reasons behind most of these migration movements are to improve life conditions and already established social-familiar networks. It is estimated that approximately 390,000 Mexican people migrate each year to the United States. In 2002, Mexicans represented the biggest immigrant group, with 9.5 million people. Among the main elements that cause this migrating movement are: the increasing Mexican demographic population in prime working age, the insufficient creation of jobs, low salaries, as well as the high demand that exists for manpower in the United States, specially in the agricultural, industrial and service areas. There have been important changes in the migrating process, which modify usual behaviors, habits, values, attitudes and points of view by migrants, their families, their home town and their new environment. These changes can facilitate the development of some problems, at a public health level. Some such problems include stress, depression, risky sexual behavior, AIDS contagion, or increase in the abuse of alcohol and drugs. The Community Epidemiology Work Group and NIDA has reported that South and South East areas of the United States show a high cocaine, heroine, methamphetamine, and ecstasy abuse. Most such areas are located at the Mexican border, and this problem seems to affect both countries the same. Method. The study involved following transversal, ex post facto comparisons of migrant and no migrant users drugs. The main objectives included: a) To identifiy abuse levels of migrating drug users, and compare these results with those of Mexican resident drug abusers (non migrating); b) To identify abuse levels in migrating people before and after they moved into the United States and/ or Mexican border cities, and their degree of abuse upon returning to Mexico; c) To explore any relationships between migrating and increased drug consumption, such as heroine and methamphetamine. The participant selection procedure involved intentional, sampling by using pairs. Inclusion criteria included using ilegal drugs, being new patient in the Treatment area of Centros de Integración Juvenil (CIJ), and having migrated to any Mexican border cities and/or the United States in the last five years, and stayed for a period of three months or more. The CIJ operating units that participated in the study included those in Cancán, Celaya, Chihuahua, Ciudad Juárez, Colima, Guadalajara, Hermosillo, Laguna, La Paz, León, Los Mochis, Monterrey, Puebla, Zacatecas and Zamora. These units were selected because of their high number of patients who are methamphetamine or heroine abusers, as well as for including a considerable rate of migrating people to the United States. The groups included 92 drug abusers, of which 46 went to the mexican north border or to the United States cities, and 46 non migrants. Data was gathered through the application of a questionnaire. Main findings. Some of the results revealed that 97.8% of the participants were male, with an average age of 26 years old (SD=7.5), and 80% had studied elementary school or higher. 1. Characteristics of the migrating process. Drug abusers, who migrated to the northern Mexican border, mainly went to Baja California and Chihuahua states. The ones who went to the United Stated were living in California, Texas, Arizona and Illinois. Among the main reasons for migrating were personal development, getting a job or improving it. Migrants also stated that they were "seeking adventure", and, those who went to the United States, said that their purpose was to solve family problems, or to follow tradition. Most of them had planned to stay at their new home for just one season, although a majority stayed over one year. 2. Drug abuse. All participants had consumed alcohol and almost 90% of them had smoked tobacco at least once in their lives. The illegal substances consumed by both migrating and non migrating participants included, in decreasing frequency order: cocaine, marijuana, inhalants, methamphetamines and sedatives. Prevalence among the migrating abusers was higher. Non migrating abusers, also consumed tranquilizers, heroine and other opiates. On the other hand, migrating abusers, had consumed, at least once in a lifetime one or more of the following substances: ecstasy, crack, basuco, methamphetamine, amphetamines, LSD and PCP. Migrants showed a higher percentage of those who had used central nervous system inhibitors (except methamphetamine), and most of them had used a combination of drugs. Those migrating to the United States predominantly consumed drugs to stimulate the central nervous system or to produce hallucinations, and also used some other non specified substances. Drug preference perception. Both groups reported a preference towards marijuana and cocaine. However, migrating abusers showed an additional preference for methamphetamine use. Migrating abusers stated that the reason for consuming this drug was mainly seeking stimulation, just to feel active and euphoric. The ones who migrated to the United States mentioned that they consume methamphetamine because of labor reasons, such as to be more productive and alert. Drug abuse before, during and after migrating. Eighty percent of migrating abusers had already used drugs before leaving their home town. During the migrating process the drug abuse pattern changed by increasing the use of some other drugs. Migrating abusers mentioned that they had used cocaine at their home place, but that during the migrating process, its consumption was significantly higher. They also mentioned that they continued using cocaine when they came back home, although at a lower rate. There was no record of opiates' use such as morphine, darvon, nubain or methadone when these abusers were in their home town, before migrating. They started using these drugs when they arrived to the north of Mexico or to the United States, and they continued using them when they returned. Only some abusers had used methamphetamine, crack, heroine and PCP before migrating. However, when they arrived to their migrating place, the use of these drugs was highly increased although it was reduced considerably when they returned home. LSD was consumed only at the migrating places. The use of tranquilizers and mushrooms was slightly decreased during the migrating process, but it increased when abusers returned home. In the case of those who went to the border, heroine abuse increased, and it decreased as abusers returned home. Only some of them used methamphetamine and ecstasy at their migrating places. On the other hand, those migrating abusers that went to the United States increased their use of methamphetamine, ecstasy, cocaine, and crack, although it decreased when they returned home. Some migrating abusers started using heroin when they arrived to the border, and only continued consuming it when they came home.